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LEARNING RESOURCE CENTERS |
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LEARNING RESOURCE CENTERS |
MLA CITATION STYLE GUIDE
(6th Edition)
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Works Cited (the list of sources you used for writing your paper)
General rules:
§ Place the list on a separate page at the end of your paper
§ Use the half-inch hanging indent for second and subsequent lines
§ Double-space
§ List your sources alphabetically by author
§ Capitalize words in titles (except articles, prepositions, or conjunctions)
Elements of a book reference:
Author’s Last name, First name. Book title: Subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Examples:
Book, One Author
Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
Book, Two Authors
Hine, Robert V., and John Mack Faragher. The American West: A New Interpretative History. New Haven:
Yale UP, 2000.
Book, Three Authors
Brinton, Crane, John B. Christopeher, and Robert Lee Wolff. A History of Civilization: 1715 to the Present.
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, Inc., 1971.
Two or More Books by the Same Author
Austen, Jane. Emma. London: Oxford UP, 1952
---. Pride and Prejudice. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1945.
Book, Corporate Author
National Research Council. China and Global Change: Opportunities for Collaboration.Washington: Natl.
Acad., 1992.
Book, Government Agency as Publisher
New York State. Commission on the Adirondacks in the Twenty-First Century. The Adirondack Park in the
Twenty-First Century. Albany: State of New York, 1990.
Edited Book
Myer, Michael, ed. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, and Writing.
Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Eden, Brandford Lee. “Advent.” Medieval Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs,
and Customs. Ed. Carl Lindhal, John McNamara, and John Lindow. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO,
2000.
Book, No Author Or Editor (Anonymous Book)
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 10th ed. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, 1993.
Pamphlet
Treat a pamphlet as you would treat a book.
Renoir Lithographs. New York: Dover, 1994.
Dictionary entry
Well known dictionary:
“Chopin, Frederick.” The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 6th ed. 2001.
Less familiar dictionary:
Botkin, B. A. “American Folklore.” Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and
Legend. 1972
Encyclopedia Entry
Well known encyclopedia:
“Existentialism.” The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th ed. 2002.
Less familiar encyclopedia:
Lurssen, N. “Colored People of South Africa.” Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. 1998.
Elements of a periodical reference:
Author’s Last name, First Name. “Article title.” Magazine/Journal/Newspaper Title. Volume number. Issue number (Date): Page number(s).
Examples:
Journal Article, One Author
Thavis, John. “John Paul’s Quarter-Century.” America. 189.10 (2003): 8-12.
Journal Article, Two Authors
Thomas, William G. III, and Edward L. Ayers. “An Overview: The Differences Slavery Made: A Close
Analysis of Two American Communities.” The American Historical Review. 108.5 (2003): 1299-
1307.
Journal Article, Three Authors
Kristofferzon, Marja-Leena, Rurik Lofmark, and Marianne Carlson. “Myocardial Infarction: Gender
Differences in Coping and Social Support.” Journal of Advanced Nursing. 44.4 (2003): 360-374.
Journal Article, Journal Paginated by Issue
Goeller, Alison D. “Persephone Goes Home: Italian American Women in Italy.” Melus. 28.3 (2003): 73-90.
Journal Article, Issues Paginated Consecutively
Smith, S. D. “Gedney Clarke of Salem and Barbados: Transatlantic Super-Marchant.” The New England
Quarterly. LXXVI (2003): 499-549.
Magazine Article
Published every week or every two weeks:
Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. “Exploding Myths.” New Republic 6 June 1998: 17-19.
Published every month or every two months:
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. “The Creative Personality.” Phychology Today July-Aug. 1996: 36-40.
Newspaper Article
Midgette, Anne. “Slavic Passion and Exuberance, With a Wink.” New York Times 6 Jan. 2004, late ed. :
E3.
Newspaper Article, Discontinuous Pages
Wilford, John Noble. “In Ancient Skulls from Ethiopia, Familiar Faces.” New York Times 12 June 2003,
late ed. : A1+.
Editorial Article
“Give Us Your Tired, Your Poor, Your Illegal.” Editorial. Daily News 8 Jan. 2004, sports final ed. : 32.
Newspaper Article, No Author (Anonymous Author)
“A cardinal without credibility.” Hartford Courant June 16, 2003: A6.
Annual Editions Articles
As articles from the Annual Editions series are reprints of articles published in journals, magazines, or newspapers, when citing them you need to indicate the original publication source and the Annual Editions issue. (Please note that the editor’s name appears on the title page of the Annual Editions volume and the reprint information is listed at the bottom of the first page of the article.)
Example:
Sagan, Carl. “The Cosmic Calendar.” Realites July-Aug. 1979. Rpt. in Annual Editions: Western
Civilization 7th ed. Vol. 1. Ed. William Hughes. Guilford: The Duskin Publishing Group, Inc., 1993.
6-8.
Online Database Article
Elements of an online database article:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Title of the Periodical volume number.issue number (Date of publication): starting page number- . Name of Database. Name of Service. Name, City, and State Abbreviation of Library Accessed. Date.
Expanded Academic ASAP
Austin, Linda M. “Children of Childhood: Nostalgia and the Romantic Legacy.” Studies in Romanticism
42.1 (2003): 75- . Expanded Academic ASAP. InfoTrac. Three Rivers Community College Learning
Resource Center, Norwich, CT. 8 Jan. 2004.
EBSCOhost
Orr, Tamra. “Character Sketches.” Writing 26.4 (2004): 18- .Academic Search Elite. EBSCOhost. Three
Rivers Community College Learning Resource Center, Norwich, CT. 8 Jan. 2004.
LexisNexis
“Give Us Your Tired, Your Poor, Your Illegal.” Daily News. 8 Jan. 2004, sports final ed. :32. LexisNexis.
Three Rivers Community College Learning Resource Center, Norwich, CT. 8 Jan. 2004.
Elements of a video reference:
Title. Dir. (Name of Director). Perf. (Names of Performers). Name of Distributor, Year of Release.
Example:
It’s a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas
Mitchell. RKO, 1946.
Soundrecordings (Audiotapes, audiocassettes, CD’s)
Elements of an audiotape reference:
Last Name, First Name (Author, Narrator or Performer). Title. Perf. (Names of Performers). Format, if it is not a CD. Name of Manufacturer, Year of Release.
Examples:
Bartoli, Cecilia. Chant d’amour. London, 1996.
Or
Marsalis, Branford. Romances for Saxophone. English Chamber Orch. Cond. Andrew Litton. Audiocassette.
CBS, 1986.
It’s a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas
Mitchell. 1946. DVD. Republic, 1998.
Elements of an image reference:
Author’s Last Name, First Name . Title. Year. Collection. Publication Title. Publication Date. Place of Access Date <URL>.
Example:
Delacroix, Eugene. Death of Ophelia. 1853. Louvre, Paris. Shakespeare Illustrated. Ed. Harry Rusche. Aug.
1996. Emory U. 7 Apr. 1997
http://www.cc.emory.edu/ENGLISH/classes/Shakespeare_Illustrated/Delacroix.Ophelia.html.
Elements of a world wide web site reference:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Web Site. Date of Publication or Latest Update. Name of Sponsoring Institution or Organization. Date of Access. <URL>.
Example:
Professional web site:
Bennett, Sara L., and Nguyen Thai Lai. Water quality management in Viet Nam. 26 Aug. 2002. Water
Environment International. 17 June 2003. <http://bicn.com/wei/resources/BennettLai1996.htm>.
Personal web site:
Briklin, Dan. Dan Briklin’s Web Site. 31 Dec. 2003. 12 Jan. 2004 <http://briklin.com/default.htm>.
Personal Interview
Smith, Matthew. Personal Interview. 23 Dec. 2003.
Published Interview
Gordimer, Nadine. Interview. New York Times. 10 Oct. 1991, late ed. : C25.
In-text References (Parenthetical References)
General rules:
§ Cite the last name of the author only (or cite the author, company, institution, or organization sponsoring the web site)
§ Cite the page number for books and print articles
Book or article authors:
One Author
Signal phrase (author’s name in text):
Boynton stated that, because Wolfe failed to identify himself with his generation, he could not recognize the nature of the times in which he and they were living (214).
Author’s name in parentheses (author’s name in reference):
Because Wolfe failed to identify himself with his generation, he could not recognize the nature of the times in which he and they were living (Boynton 214).
Two Authors
Signal phrase (authors’ names in text):
Baker and Redmond affirm that the process of book production has benefited from word processing, computerized typesetting, and express mail (225).
Authors’ names in parentheses (authors’ names in reference):
The process of book production has benefited from word processing, computerized typesetting, and express mail (Baker and Redmond 225).
Web sites
Water quality conditions and management needs are evolving rapidly in Viet Nam (Bennett and Lai).
for Works Cited Entry
Bennett, Sara L., and Nguyen Thai Lai. Water quality management in Viet Nam. 26 Aug. 2002. Water
Environment International. 17 June 2003. <http://bicn.com/wei/resources/BennettLai1996.htm>.
Book or article authors:
One Author
“In failing to identify himself with his generation, Wolfe failed to recognize the nature of the times in which he and they were living” (Boynton 214).
Two Authors
“The process of book production has profited in recent years from word processing, computerized typesetting, and express mail” (Baker and Redmond 225).
Indirect Quotations (source quoted in another source)
When a writer’s words are quoted by someone else, begin the citation with the abbreviation “qtd. in” (“quoted in”).
Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2:450).
Block Quotations (quotations of 40 or more words)
General rules:
§ Start the quote on a new line
§ Double-space
§ Indent one inch (two tabs)
§ Do not use quotation marks (do use double quotation marks to enclose any quoted material within the block quotation)
Example:
Kimura found the following:
The bulk of the evidence suggests, however, that the effects of sex hormones on brain
organization occur so early in life that from the start the environment is acting on differently
wired brains in girls and boys. Such differences make it almost impossible to evaluate the
effects of experience independent of physiological predisposition.( 80)
“Viet Nam is undergoing a period of rapid economic and demographic change, and water quality conditions and management needs are evolving rapidly” (Bennett and Lai).
for Works Cited Entry
Bennett, Sara L., and Nguyen Thai Lai. Water quality management in Viet Nam. 26 Aug. 2002. Water
Environment International. 17 June 2003. <http://bicn.com/wei/resources/BennettLai1996.htm>.
For additional and more detailed information please refer to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th edition.
Please send comments, suggestions, or inquiries to Mona Florea, Reference/Instruction Librarian.
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Last updated: 01/12/04 |
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