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LEARNING RESOURCE CENTERS |
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LEARNING RESOURCE CENTERS |
APA CITATION STYLE GUIDE
(5th Edition)
For additional and more detailed information please refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition, at REF BF76.7.P83 2001.
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References (the list of sources you used for writing your paper)
General rules:
Place the list on a separate page at the end of your paper
Use the half-inch (5-7 spaces) hanging indent
Double-space
List your sources alphabetically by author
Elements of a book reference:
Examples:
Dictionary
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols.
1-20). London: Macmillan.
Encyclopedia
Krapp, C. (Ed.). (2002). The Gale encyclopedia of nursing and allied health (Vols. 1-5).
Detroit: Gale.
Encyclopedia Entry
Cognitive therapy. In Encyclopedia of phobias, fears, and anxieties (pp. 110). New
York: FactsOnFile.
Book, One Author
Carrougher, G. J. (1998). Burn care and therapy. St. Louis, LA: Mosby.
Book, Two Authors
Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Book, Three Authors
Maher, A. B., Salmond, S. W. & Pellino, T. A. (2002). Orthopaedic Nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia:
W. B. Saunders Company.
Book, Group Author (Government agency) as Publisher
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1992). Drugs, crime, and the justice system: A national report from
the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: Author.
Edited Book
Montanelli, D. S. & Stenstrom, P. F. (Eds.). (1999). People come first: User-centered academic library
service. Chicago: ACRL.
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Jagmin, M. G. (2002). Assessment and management of immobility. In Maher, A B., Salmond, S. W., &
Pellino, T. A. (Eds.), Orthopaedic Nursing (pp. 100-128). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
Book, No Author Or Editor
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Elements of a periodical reference:
Last name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine/Journal/Newspaper title, Volume
number (Issue number), Page number(s).
Examples:
Journal Article, One Author
Schmidt, S. J. (2003). Active and cooperative learning using web-based simulations. The Journal of
Economic Education, 34(2), 151-167.
Journal Article, Two Authors
Henderson, A., & Shum, D. (2003). Decision-making preferences towards surgical intervention in a
Hong Kong Chinese population. International Nursing Review, 50(2), 95-100.
Journal Article, Three Authors
Cassidy, J., Aikins, J. W., & Chernoff, J. J. (2003). Children’s peer selection: Experimental
examination of the role of self-perceptions. Developmental Psychology, 39(3), 495-507.
Journal Article, Journal Paginated by Issue
Vogel, J. S., Hurford, D. P., Smith, J. V., & Cole, A. (2003). The relationship between depression and
smoking in adolescents. Adolescence, 38(149), 57-74.
Journal Article, Issues Paginated Consecutively
Brewer, D. (2003). Does long-term anticoagulation improve function after stroke?. American Family
Physician, 67(11), 2317-2318.
Magazine Article
Hunter, D. (2003, June 18). Taking the pulse. Chemicalweek, 165(22), 7.
Newspaper Article
Rohter, L. (2003, June 12). O.A.S. votes against U.S. candidate for human rights group. The New York
Times, p. A11.
Newspaper Article, Discontinuous Pages
Wilford, J. N. (2003, June 12). In ancient skulls from Ethiopia, familiar faces. The New York Times,
pp. A1, A8.
Newspaper Article, No Author
A cardinal without credibility. (2003, June 16). Hartford Courant, p. A6.
Annual Editions Articles
As articles from the Annual Editions series are reprints of articles published in journals, magazines, or newspapers, when citing them you need to indicate the Annual Editions issue and the original publication source. (Please note that the editor’s name appears on the title page of the Annual Editions volume and the reprint information is listed at the bottom of the first page of the article.)
Larking, M. (2001). Methamphetamine use could lead to long-term brain damage. In H. T. Wilson
(Ed.), Annual Editions: Drugs, Society, and Behavior (p. 59). Guilford, CT: McGraw-
Hill/Dushkin. (Reprinted from The Lancet, p. 1162, 2000, April 1)
Online Database Article
Pace, B. (2000, June). Generalized anxiety disorder. JAMA, 283(23), 3156. Retrieved
February 19, 2003, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.
Elements of a video reference:
Producer’s Last Name, First Initial (Producer), & Director’s Last Name, First Initial (Director). (Year). Video Title [Motion picture]. (Available from Distributor’s Name and Complete Address)
Examples:
Chasnoff, D., Ben-Dov, A. J., & Yacker, F. (Producers), & Chasnoff, D. (Director). (2000). That’s a
family! [Motion picture]. San Francisco, CA: Women’s Educational Media.
Or
The brain: Inside information: the brain and how it works. (1998). [Motion picture].
(Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences, PO Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053)
Elements of an audio recording reference:
Originator’s or Primary Contributor’s Last Name, First Initial. (Function). (Date). Title [Cassette Recording]. Place of publishing: Publisher.
Example:
Covey, S. R. (Author & Speaker). (1989). 7 habits of highly effective people [Cassette Recording].
New York: Simon & Schuster Sound Ideas.
Elements of a compact disk reference:
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Date). Title [Medium]. Publication Location: Publisher.
Example:
Paterson, J., & Gross, A. (2003). The jester [CD]. New York: Time Warner Audio Books.
Elements of an image reference:
Author’s Last Name, First Initial (Role of Author). (Date). Title of work [Type of work], Retrieved Month Day, Year from: URL Address
Example:
Di Carpi, G. (Painter). (1540). The holy family [Image of oil on panel], Retrieved June 17, 2003
from:http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/objects/o707.html
Elements of a world wide web site reference:
Author, Institution, Company, Organization responsible for the web site. (Year, Month Day the web site was last updated). Title of the web site. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from: URL address
Example:
Water Environment International. (2002, October 6). Water quality management in Viet Nam.
Retrieved June 17, 2003, from: http://bicn.com/wei/resources/BennettLai1996.htm
Published Interview
Archer, N. (1993). [Interview with Helen Burns, author of Sense and Perception]. Journal of Sensory
Studies, 21.
General rules:
Cite the last name of the author only (or cite the author, company, institution, or organization for a web site)
Cite the publication year of the source
Cite the page number for books and articles
One Author
First mention of source (cite name, year, and page number)
Golley (1998) stated that environmental literacy is more than reading about the environment (p. IX).
or
Environmental literacy is more than reading about environment (Golley, 1998, p. IX).
Subsequent mentions of source within the same paragraph (no need to cite the year)
In a recent work on the environment, Golley (1998) showed that environmental literacy is more than reading about environment (p. IX). Golley also stated that the word "nature" could confuse a discussion (p. 5).
Two Authors
First mention of source (cite name, year, and page number)
Smith and King demonstrated that a contact lens could correct the corneal surface (2000, p. 49).
or
The corneal surface could be corrected by a contact lens (Smith & King, 2000, p.49).
Subsequent mentions of source within the same paragraph (no need to cite the year)
Smith and King demonstrated that the corneal surface could be corrected by a contact lens (2000, p. 49). They also showed that the magnification of the image depends on the position of the lens (p. 51).
Three to Five Authors
First mention of source (cite name, year, and page number)
Schmitz-Feuerhake, Mietelski, and Gaca (2003) started with the hypothesis that attic dust could contain traces of past contaminations (p. 600).
or
Attic dust in older houses could contain traces of past contaminations (Schmitz-Feuerhake, Mietelski & Gaca, 2003, p. 600).
Subsequent mentions of source within the same paragraph (no need to cite the year)
Schmitz-Feuerhake, Mietelski, and Gaca started their study with the hypothesis that attic dust from older houses contains traces of past contaminations (2003, p. 600). Schimitz-Feuerhake et al. concluded that...
Websites
First mention of source (cite author, web page title or section heading, and paragraph number)
Reuters Health affirms that 25 percent of people that have HIV in US pass through correctional facilities (2003, HIV Prevention, Treatment Needed in Prisons: Report, para. 2).
or
25 percent of people infected with HIV in US pass through correctional facilities (Reuters Health, 2003, HIV Prevention, Treatment Needed in Prisons: Report, para. 2).
Subsequent mentions of source within the same paragraph (no need to cite the year)
Reuters Health concludes that 25 percent of people infected with HIV in US pass through correctional facilities (2003, HIV Prevention, Treatment Needed in Prisons: Report, para. 2). The organization also affirms that public health advocates consider correctional institutions as ideal places to start HIV prevention (HIV Prevention, Treatment Needed in Prisons: Report, para. 3).
Book or article authors:
One Author
Matsakis (1992) affirmed that "like the rest of the body, your central nervous system is vulnerable" (p. 29).
or
"Like the rest of the body, your central nervous system is vulnerable" (Matsakis, 1992, p. 29).
Two Authors
Chase and Rabinowitz (1967) define matter as “anything which occupies space and comprises all substances of which the universe is composed” (p. 2).
or
Matter is “anything which occupies space and comprises all substances of which the universe is composed” (Chase & Rabinowitz,1967, p. 2).
Three Authors
Brown, LeMay and Brusten (1991) stated that “the total energy of a system is the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of its component parts” (p. 136).
or
“The total energy of a system is the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of its component parts” (Brown, LeMay, & Brusten, 1991, p.136).
Block Quotations (quotations of 40 or more words)
General rules:
Start the quote on a new line
Double-space
Use the half-inch (5-7 spaces) indent
Do not use quotation marks (do use double quotation marks to enclose any quoted material within the block quotation)
Example:
Kimura (1995) found the following:
The bulk of the evidence suggests, however, that the effects of sex hormones on brain organization
occur so early in life that from the start the environment is acting on differently wired brains in girls and
boys. Such differences make it almost impossible to evaluate the effects of experience independent of
physiological predisposition.(p. 80)
MEDLINEplus (2003) defines schizophrenia as "a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disease" (Schizophrenia: What is it?, para. 1).
or
"Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disease" (MEDLINEplus, Schizophrenia: What is it?, para. 1).
(N. Archer, personal interview, October 11, 1993)
Title Page Components
Title Page
Abstract Page Components
Abstract Page
First Page of Text Components
1. Manuscript page header and page number – upper right-hand corner of the page
2. Title of the paper – centered at the top of the page, double-spaced
3. Text – double-spaced, with indented paragraphs
First Page of Text
References Page General Rules
1. Place the list on a separate page at the end of your paper
2. Place the short title and the page number in the upper right-hand corner of the page
3. Use the half-inch (5-7 spaces) hanging indent
4. Double-space
5. List your sources alphabetically by author
References Page
Please send comments, suggestions, or inquiries to Mona Florea, Reference Librarian.
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Last updated: 7/25/06 |
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